Statistical Modeling: The Two Cultures is an influential essay by Leo Breiman that delineates two approaches to statistical modeling: the "data modeling" culture, which emphasizes formal statistical inference and model fitting, and the "algorithmic modeling" culture, which prioritizes predictive accuracy and computational efficiency. Breiman argues for a shift towards the latter culture, advocating for the development and use of robust algorithms and machine learning techniques that focus on prediction rather than solely on theoretical statistical inference.